Online engagement plays a pivotal role in political visibility and participation, yet it has given rise to a troubling form of violence against female politicians, posing a significant challenge to women's representation. Traditional gender analysis falls short in capturing the complex experiences of historically marginalised groups, such as indigenous, quilombola, and peasant women fighting for territorial rights. This chapter introduces a new dimension, linking gender-based political violence to territory in light of the online-offline continuum. The chapter acknowledges the significance of territorial violence as a distinct form of gender-based political violence, crucial in our increasingly virtual and interconnected world.

The publication is part of the research project Understanding, Detecting, and Mitigating Online Misogyny against Politically Active Women and is funded by the Bavarian Research Institute for Digital Transformation (bidt).

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